1、 https:/crsreports.congress.gov August 13, 2019Convergence of Cyberspace Operations and Electronic WarfareOver the past two decades, cyberspace operations have become an important element in military operations. Electronic warfare (EW) has been a component of military operations since the advent of
2、the radio at the beginning of the 20th century. These two types of operations are becoming somewhat analogous as technical capabilities converge, yet historical divides between EW and cyber operations remain in Department of Defense (DOD) organization and doctrine. Both cyberspace operations and EW
3、are efforts to dominate aspects of the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) that transmit packets of information. As such, EW and cyberspace operations have traditionally been used as part of a broader information operations (IO) campaign, and previously existed in joint doctrine as two of the five pillar
4、s of IO (along with psychological operations, military deception, and operations security). These capabilities are increasingly being used in support of operations in the information environment (IE)the aggregate of social, cultural, cognitive, technical and physical attributes that ultimately affec
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