1、 https:/crsreports.congress.gov Updated February 2, 2022Russian Cyber UnitsRussia has deployed sophisticated cyber capabilities to conduct disinformation, propaganda, espionage, and destructive cyberattacks globally. To conduct these operations, Russia maintains numerous units that are overseen by v
2、arious security and intelligence agencies. Russias security agencies compete with each other and often conduct similar operations on the same targets, making specific attribution and motivation assessments difficult. The U.S. government has indicted and imposed sanctions on Russian security personne
3、l and agents for various cyberattacks. Congress may be interested in Russian agencies, units, and their attributes to better understand why and how Russia conducts cyber operations. Early Russian Cyber Operations According to media and government reports, Russias initial cyber operations primarily c
4、onsisted of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks and often relied on the co-optation or recruitment of criminal and civilian hackers. In 2007, Estonia was the target of a large-scale cyberattack, which most observers blamed on Russia. Estonian targets ranged from online banking and media out
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