1、Key Issues Collective defence is back as the main strategic challenge facing Europes security architecture.For NATO,this means a return to basics,moving from the light collective defence posture it implemented after 2014 towards a more substantial presence in eastern Europe.How far this adaptation s
2、hould go,however,remains to be seen,both in conventional and nuclear terms.For the EU,the return of collective defence is harder to navigate because its security and defence policy remains,even after the Strategic Compass,oriented towards crisis management.Yet,the EU can contribute to collective def
3、ence,either indirectly,notably in the field of defence industry,or directly,via its collective defence clause which,however,still lacks the necessary measures to make it operational.Eight years after the annexation of Crimea and the conflict in the Donbas,Russias renewed aggression against Ukraine s
4、ince last February confirms that collective defence is back as the main strategic challenge facing Europes security architecture.This policy brief examines the implications of such a development for the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation(NATO)as well as for the European Union(EU)s security and defen
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