1、 https:/crsreports.congress.gov Updated July 6, 2015Coastal Flood Resilience: Policy, Roles, and FundsCongress and other policymakers are faced with how to cost-effectively reduce coastal flood risk. Issues include how to coordinate action and assign responsibilities for preparedness, mitigation, re
2、sponse, and recovery; who bears the cost of impacts and long-term adjustments; and how to finance actions to improve coastal flood resilience. States largely determine whether the approach to coastal flooding is to protect (e.g., constructed dunes, gates), accommodate (e.g., elevate structures and i
3、nfrastructure), or avoid and retreat (e.g., rolling easements that allow the shore to migrate inland). A states approach can have implications for disaster resilience (including for public infrastructure), demand for federal assistance, and patterns and rates of recovery. Federal programs and polici
4、es can provide incentives or disincentives for nonfederal investment in coastal planning and risk reduction. The past decade has been marked by increased federal emergency funding for areas hit by coastal storms and increasing federal aid as a share of hurricane damages: 6% in 1955, 50% in 2005, 69%
升级VIP 