1、POLICY BRIEF|FEBRUARY 2023EUROPES NEW MARITIME SECURITY REALITY:CHINESE PORTS,RUSSIAN BASES,AND THE RISE OF SUBSEA WARFAREGEOFFREY F.GRESH1FOREIGN POLICY AT BROOKINGSExecutive summaryThe year 2022 ushered in another array of significant and diverse maritime security challenges for Europe:the sabotag
2、e of the Nordstream pipelines;the myste-rious rupture of submarine fiber-optic cables near France and the United Kingdom;Russian aggression toward NATO ships;a Black Sea grain shipment deal to end a Russian naval blockade in Ukraine;and the announcement of a significant Chinese investment stake in a
3、 Hamburg terminal,one of Europes busiest shipping hubs.Over the past decade,China and Russia have transformed Europes maritime security seascape through their military basing access and port investments across maritime Europe from the Baltic and Black Seas to the Mediterranean.Europe and NATO have m
4、ade some progress toward addressing many of these challenges,but they must continue to dedicate resources and platforms to ensure the long-term security of their many maritime geoeconomic assets.IntroductionIn the last decade of great power competition,China and Russia have engendered a new European
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