1、JUNE 2022Cyber War and UkraineJames A.LewisThis is a preliminary review of cyber operations in the Ukraine conflict based on publicly available information.Ukraine was not the first“cyber war”the term itself makes little sensebut it was the first major conflict involving large-scale cyber operations
2、.The so-far inept Russian invasion,where cyber operations have provided little benefit,raises questions about the balance between defense and offense in cyberspace,the utility of offensive cyber operations,and the requirements for planning and coordination.Better-than-expected Ukrainian defenses see
3、m to be one hallmark of this invasion and the primary reason why Russian cyber efforts have had limited effect.It is likely that Ukraine,forewarned by Russian cyber actions that began as early as 2014,was better prepared as a result.It was also assisted in its cyber defense by friendly countries and
4、 private actors with whom it had developed cooperative relationships before the conflict.This preparation allowed it to deflect many Russian offensive cyber operations,suggesting that a well-prepared and energetic defense can have the advantage over offense in cyberspace.Russia had previously used c
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