1、Waging war against an enemy with dom-inant digital communications systems is a recipe for defeat.Modern digital communications structures enable lethal kill-chain targeting cycles,seamless command and control,and precision guidance that dominate the enemy.This reality makes the space and cyber domai
2、ns a primary target in future warfare.All tacticians seek to degrade their adversaries communications in war,but few consider the literal“nuclear option”that could fun-damentally upend the current communications ecosys-tem.High-altitude nuclear explosions(HANEs)allow an actor to degrade modern commu
3、nications,either on the ground or in the sky.Closer to the ground,HANEs create a high-altitude electromagnetic pulse(HEMP)that could shut down power plants,cellular towers,and electronic devices.Higher in the sky,HANEs produce radiation that can damage or destroy satellites.If a state actor(or rogue
4、 element)decides that access to digital systems or the space domain is giving its adversary an unfair edge,it might decide to use a HANE to negate this advantage without directly killing a single human.The norm against using nuclear weapons endured for decades,but recent saber-rattling and prolifera
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